Outside the world of evolutionary linguistics I used to spend some of my time working in a charity shop. Of the many dull moments, much of which spent bickering with overzealous bargain hunters about the arbitrary nature of our pricing, there were a few gems of conversation. On one of these days, I found myself conversing with several people about language change, when one of the customers chimed in with something I hadn’t heard before. He said, quite confidently, that the origin of speech and language lay in our ancestor’s proclivity for getting stoned. I humoured him on the magic mushroom hypothesis of speech origins, until he decided to share his wisdom about the foretold destruction of our society in 2012 (at which point I directed him to our copy of Emerich’s latest disasterpiece). Still, it appears he wasn’t completely barmy, at least on the speech origins front, as there is a Stoned Ape theory of human evolution by one Terence McKenna (from Wikipedia):
The mushroom, according to McKenna, had also given humans their first truly religious experiences (which, as he believed, were the basis for the foundation of all subsequent religions to date). Another factor that McKenna talked about was the mushroom’s potency to promote linguistic thinking. This would have promoted vocalisation, which in turn would have acted in cleansing the brain (based on a scientific theory that vibrations from speaking cause the precipitation of impurities from the brain to the cerebrospinal fluid), which would further mutate the brain. All these factors according to McKenna were the most important factors that promoted evolution towards the Homo sapiens species. After this transformation took place, the species would have begun moving out of Africa to populate the rest of the planet. Later on, this theory by McKenna was given the name “The ‘Stoned Ape’ Theory of Human Evolution”.
I’m fairly sure this just offloads part of the craziness onto McKenna, but I might name drop the theory next time I’m looking for a more lively reaction when discussing language origins.
N.B. This is one of my many posts that was written some time ago. I decided to publish in 2012 just in case the customer was right about our impending doom. With that out of the way, we can now focus on the critical issues surrounding the size of a language’s phoneme inventory and the distribution of Psilocybe cubensis.
Another hallucinogen that has been linked to religious experience and language is the sap of the acacia tree, which Shanon (2008) suggests caused Moses to perceive the burning bush which spoke to him.
See here.
Shanon, B. (2008) “Biblical Entheogens: a Speculative Hypothesis.” Time and Mind, 1(1) 51-74.
Maybe the sap of the acacia tree, when combined with magic mushrooms, led to our ancestors getting stuck in a psychedelic loop where they kept embedding phrases within phrases.
Is it – ‘the Stoned Ape Theory’
– ‘of Human Evolution’? (as per Wikipedia, cited above)
– or, ‘of Speech Origins’? (as per the essay title)
Or are human species, and speech – the same thing? Just by different names ? To ‘stoned apes’ experts at least (if not to anyone else)?
“Fascinating” – Mr Spock
Human speech evolved naturally & biologically without stoned apes: recent insights in human evolution (esp. our Pleistocene littoral evolution, e.g. P.Rhys-Evans 2020 The Waterside Ape, CRC Press) help understand how speech evolved: different biological pre-adaptations originate in our waterside past: large brain (DHA & other brain-specific nutrients in seafoods), voluntary breathing (breath-hold diving for shellfish), suction feeding of soft-slippery seafoods. Suction feeding explains descended tongue-bone (hyoidal descent in the throat, vs apes), smaller mouth + mobile lips, closed tooth-rows (more incisor-like canine teeth), globular tongue fitting in our vaulted & smooth palate (vs transverse ridges in apes): all this allowed the pronunciation of labial, dental, palatal etc.consonants.
Older preadaptations to human speech are gibbon-like duetting & territorial songs (Darwin 1871) & vocal learning. Presumably, vocal learning (ability to imitate sounds, as in many birds & bats & several Cetacea & Pinnipedia) was important for finding back family members in the foliage/beach/water…
Early-Pleistocene “archaic” Homo spread intercontinentally along the Indian Ocean shores (reaching Java & even Flores, far oversea) where they dived for littoral foods (e.g. Joordens cs 2015 “Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving” Nature 518:228-231). Shell- & crayfish are very rich in brain-specific nutrients, cf Homo’s brain enlargement (Cunnane & Stewart eds 2010 Human Brain Evolution: the Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources, Wiley). Shallow-diving for seafood requires voluntary airway control = prerequisite for spoken language. Shellfish consumption does not require biting & chewing, but stone tools & suction feeding. This finer control of the oral apparatus was another biological preadaptation to human speech, esp. for pronouncing consonants (Verhaegen & Munro 2004 “Possible preadaptations to speech – a preliminary comparative approach” Hum.Evol.19:53-70).
In short, the late-Pleistocene shift from shallow-diving H.erectus (Joordens 2015) to bipedal wading-walking H.sapiens not only fully “freed” the hands for tool-making & using, but also the airways for speech: duetting & vocal learning -> vowels (loud sounds), and suction feeding -> consonants.
Google “speech origins PPT verhaegen”.