Replicated Typo

Language Evolution Coursera Proxy

There is not currently a coursera on Language Evolution, so as a vague substitute, I thought I’d do a run down of places on the internet you can find some pretty decent free lectures on the evolution of language by some pretty big names.

1) The first are the videos of the plenaries from last year’s EvoLang conference in Kyoto. http://ocw.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/international-conference-en/31/video-en

I’m posting the direct links to all the videos because the above link keeps breaking:

1	Massimo, Piattelli-Palmarini Three Models (and a Half) for the Description of Language Evolution	Video
2	Minoru Asada Towards Language Acquisition by Cognitive Developmental Robotics	Video
3	Cedric Boeckx Homo Combinans	Video
4	Simon Kirby Why Language Has Structure: New Evidence from Studying Cultural Evolution in the Lab and What It Means for Biological Evolution	Video
5	Jenny Saffran Out of the Brains of Babes: Domain-general Learning Mechanisms and Domain-specific Systems	Video
6	Simon Fisher Molecular Windows into Speech and Language	Video
7	Russell Gray The Evolution of Language Without Miracles	Video
8	Rafael Núñez The Irreducible Semantic Communicative Drive	Video
9	Tetsuro Matsuzawa Outgroup: The Study of Chimpanzees to Know the Human Mind	Video
10	Tom Griffiths Neutral Models for Language Evolution。	Video
11	Terrence Deacon Neither Nature nor Nurture: Coevolution, Devolution, and Universality of Language	Video

The videos for the biolinguistics workshop can be found here: http://ocw.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/international-conference-en/30/video-en

2) On the CARTA website you can find videos of speakers such as Terence Deacon talking about Symbolic Communication: Why is Human Thought so Flexible? as well as V.S. Ramachandran, Colin Renfrew and Patricia Churchland.

3) The videos from 2011’s ProtoLang can be viewed here: http://www.protolang.umk.pl/videos_and_links

There’s a link to the videos from 2009’s protolang at the bottom of that too, but they all seem to be broken. But you can actually still find them by searching for the author’s name on http://tv.umk.pl/

For example, searching Bart de Boer, you can find: http://tv.umk.pl/#movie=521

4) YouTube.

Highlights include Simon Kirby’s inaugural lecture at Edinburgh University, Kenny Smith at the University of Southampton earlier this year, more Terence Deacon, Luc Steels on robots and loads of other stuff, I am sure you are capable or googling the names of some language evolution folk.

Also, you can watch bbc horizon’s why do we talk featuring Techumseh Fitch, Simon Kirby and others here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75XxjJYuV7I&list=PL9DD35E568234CA7F

And by request in the comments: Peter Richerson – How Possibly Language Evolved http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxJMtZUaeZU

If anyone else has some good video resources please add them in the comments!

More on Dennett on Memes

Still thinking about Dan Dennett’s conception of memetics. He’s got an article in the Encyclopedia of Evolution (Oxford 2005), “New Replicators, The” that’s worth looking at.

Some bits. From the beginning:

…evolution will occur whenever and wherever three conditions are met: replication, variation (mutation), and differential fitness (competition).

In Darwin’s own terms, if there is “descent [i.e., replication] with modification [variation]” and “a severe struggle for life” [competition], better-equipped descendants will prosper at the expense of their competitors. We know that a single material substrate, DNA (with its surrounding systems of gene expression and development), secures the first two conditions for life on earth; the third condition is secured by the finitude of the planet as well as more directly by uncounted environmental challenges.

The first question, then, is whether or not these conditions are met by human culture. Dennett thinks they are and so do I.

From the end, however:

Do any of these candidates for Darwinian replicator actually fulfill the three requirements in ways that permit evolutionary theory to explain phenomena not already explicable by the methods and theories of the traditional social sciences? Or does this Darwinian perspective provide only a relatively trivial unification?

We do not yet know. But are the prospects for non-triviality good enough to warrant considerable investment of conceptual time and energy? And so

We should also remind ourselves that, just as population genetics is no substitute for ecology—which investigates the complex interactions between phenotypes and environments that ultimate yield the fitness differences presupposed by genetics—no one should anticipate that a new science of memetics would overturn or replace all the existing models and explanations of cultural phenomena developed by the social sciences. It might, however, recast them in significant ways and provoke new inquiries in much the way genetics has inspired a flood of investigations in ecology. Continue reading “More on Dennett on Memes”

The best ‘broken telephone’ picture?

It’s the unwritten rule of every talk on cultural evolution: there must be at least one picture of someone whispering into someone else’s ear. This represents language being passed on from one generation to the next, with the language possibly changing (like in the child’s game broken telephone or chinese whispers). This classic image often makes an appearance:

However, most are boring old stock images. So, I’m setting a challenge: who can find the most awesome ‘broken telephone’ picture?

This is my submission:

Image by Craig Barritt / Getty Images, found at The 45 Most Legendary Pictures Ever Taken.

Dan Dennett on Words in Cultural Evolution

I’ve been reading around in Dan Dennett’s papers and found this one, The Cultural Evolution of Words and Other Thinking Tools (Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol, Vol. LXXIV, August, 2009). To be sure, I disagree with his use of the meme concept. To be sure, his use is pretty standard and Dennett, in the standard way, claims more for it than can be justified by the current state of our knowledge and theorizing, but this paper is excellent despite that problem.

As the title indicates, Dennett focuses his attention on words and does so in a way that usefully brings their mystery, if you will, though mystery is rather low on Dennett’s intellectual agenda.

What then are words? Do they even exist? This might seem to be a fatuous philosophical question, composed as it is of the very items it asks about, but it is, in fact, exactly as serious and contentious as the claim that genes do or do not really exist. Yes, of course, there are sequences of nucleotides on DNA molecules, but does the concept of a gene actually succeed (in any of its rival formulations) in finding a perspicuous rendering of the important patterns amidst all that molecular complexity? If so, there are genes; if not, then genes will in due course get thrown on the trash heap of science along with phlogiston and the ether, no matter how robust and obviously existing they seem to us today.

For what it’s worth, I have it on good authority that there are languages which lack a word corresponding to our concept of word, though they generally have a word roughly corresponding to our concept of utterance (you can find this observation in, e.g., Alfred Lord, The Singer of Tales). That doesn’t bear directly on the point Dennett is making in those words as lacking a word for this is that really existing phenomenon is common enough, but it does indicate that words do have a rather diffuse or abstract character that makes it difficult to understand what they are and how they operate.

A bit later Dennett continues:

A promise or a libel or a poem is identified by the words that compose it, not by the trails of ink or bursts of sound that secure the occurrence of those words. Words themselves have physical “tokens” (composed of uttered or heard phonemes, seen in trails of ink or glass tubes of excited neon or grooves carved in marble), and so do genes, but these tokens are a relatively superficial part or aspect of these remarkable information structures, capable of being replicated, combined into elaborate semantic complexes known as sentences, and capable in turn of provoking cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses of tremendous power and subtly.

I particularly like his phrase in that first sentence, “the trails of ink or bursts of sound that secure the occurrence of those words.” That secure the occurence, that’s nice. “Anchor” might also work, that anchor the occurence of those words in an utterance or a written text, as though the ink or sound were a tether holding the airy nothings of meaning and syntax to the ground. Continue reading “Dan Dennett on Words in Cultural Evolution”

Gender, language and economic power: another spurious correlation?

A paper from the Berkeley economic history laboratory published online last week finds a correlation between speaking a language with grammatical gender distinctions and the economic empowerment of women. Gay, Santacreu-Vasut and Shoham (2013) find that women in countries with languages that make gender distinctions are less likely to participate in the labour market or politics and less able to get credit or own land.

The study uses a series of regressions to demonstrate robust correlations between grammatical gender and various economic variables from a range of databases. The gender variables include whether a language has a sex-based gender system, how the genders are used in pronouns, the intensity of the gender system (languages with 2 genders vs languages with 1 or more than 2 genders) and whether gender is assigned semantically or formally. The correlations control for geographical variables (distance from the equator), climate (tropics, frost days, access to the sea), history of colonisation, continent, religion and cultural beliefs and values. The findings include statistics such as “Having a sex-based gender system decreases the female labor force participation rate by 13 pp % relative to the base-line value in countries with no gender system”.

The approach is very similar to Keith Chen’s study of future tense and economic savings behaviour, and uses some of the same data including the world atlas of language structures (WALS) and the World Values Survey. Indeed, Gay et al. find that “women living in countries whose dominant language marks gender more intensively are less likely than men to save”. The paper follows other studies on the cultural transmission of agricultural technology and the role of women in society (Alesina, Guiliano & Nunn, 2011, see here).

Continue reading “Gender, language and economic power: another spurious correlation?”

“Music and the Origins of Language. International Summer School on Agent-based Computational Models of Creativity”.

Find call for Participation below.

“Music and the Origins of Language. International Summer School on Agent-based Computational Models of Creativity”.

15 – 20 September 2013, Cortona, Italy
http://ai.vub.ac.be/events/cortona-2013

The Evolutionary Linguistics Association (ELA) is proud to announce its second summer school in Cortona on Music and the Origins of Language. The school is intended for postdocs, lecturers and predocs with a background in computer science and a strong interest in music and the origins of language.

The summer school will be held in Cortona, Italy from Sunday 15 September to Friday 20 September 2013. Lectures, activities and meals are all collocated in Hotel Oasi and the Palazzone di Cortona. Participants will all stay at Hotel Oasi.

The summer school has a wide-ranging program of background lectures introducing concepts from biology, anthropology, psychology, music theory and linguistics that are helpful to understand the nature of creativity, the role and intimate relations between language and music, and the mechanisms underlying cultural evolution. It further contains technical lectures on the fundamental computational components required for language processing as well as technical ateliers to learn how to set up evolutionary linguistics experiments. Participants have the opportunity to present their latest research in a poster session. Embedded in the school is an ERC workshop of the Flow Machines project on musical style and composition. The school also features artistic ateliers in which participants create new creative works and engage in performance.

Interested researchers can apply by following the registration information that is available on the website. There are a limited number of scholarships available that cover participation and accommodation fees.

It receives support from FP7 PRAISE and INSIGHT projects, the euCognition Network of Excellence and the ESF project DRUST.

For information and queries, please visit the website http://ai.vub.ac.be/events/cortona-2013/ or email cortona2013@ai.vub.ac.be.

Numerical vs. analytical modelling

Since its resurgence in the 90s Multi-agent models have been a close companion of evolutionary linguistics (which for me subsumes both the study of the evolution of Language with a capital L as well as language evolution, i.e. evolutionary approaches to language change). I’d probably go as far as saying that the early models, oozing with exciting emergent phenomena, actually helped in sparking this increased interest in the first place! But since multi-agent modelling is more of a ‘tool’ rather than a self-contained discipline, there don’t seem to be any guides on what makes a model ‘good’ or ‘bad’. Even more importantly, models are hardly ever reviewed or discussed on their own merits, but only in the context of specific papers and the specific claims that they are supposed to support.

This lack of discussion about models per se can make it difficult for non-specialist readers to evaluate whether a certain type of model is actually suitable to address the questions at hand, and whether the interpretation of the model’s results actually warrants the conclusions of the paper. At its worst this can render the modelling literature inaccessible to the non-modeller, which is clearly not the point. So I thought I’d share my 2 cents on the topic by scrutinising a few modelling papers and highlight some caveats, and hopefully also to serve as a guide to the aspiring modeller!

Continue reading “Numerical vs. analytical modelling”

Iterated learning using Youtube videos and speech synthesis

This is a guest post by Justin Quillinan (of Chimp Challenge fame).

Cast your reminisce pods back a few days and recall Sean’s iterated learning experiment using the automated transcription of YouTube videos. The process went as follows:

1. Record yourself saying something.
2. Upload the video to YouTube
3. Let it be automatically transcribed (usually takes about 10 minutes for a short video)
4. Record yourself saying the text from the automatic transcription
5. Go to 2

Sean took a short extract from Kafka’s Metamorphosis and found that, as in human iterated learning experiments, both the error rate and compression ratio decreases with successive iterations. He also found that the process resulted in a text with longer and more unique words.

I was curious to see whether we could remove human participants entirely and run computer generated speech through this automated transcription. Here’s the process:

1. Generate an audio file from some text using a speech synthesis program;
2. Generate a transcription of the audio file;
3. Repeat from 1. with the new transcription.

Continue reading “Iterated learning using Youtube videos and speech synthesis”

Sticking the tongue out: Early imitation in infants

Famous picture of Albert Einstein sticking out his tongue. — Albert Einstein sticking out the tongue to a neonate in an attempt to test their imitation of tongue protrusion.

The nativism-empiricism debate haunts the fields of language acquisition and evolution on more than just one level. How much of children’s social and cognitive abilities have to be present at birth, what is acquired through experience, and therefore malleable? Classically, this debate resolves around the poverty of stimulus. How much does a child have to take for granted in her environment, how much can she learn from the input?

Research into imitation has its own version of the poverty of stimulus, the correspondence problem. The correspondence problem can be summed up as follows: when you are imitating someone, you need to know which parts of your body map onto the body of the person you’re trying to imitate. If they wiggle their finger, you can establish correspondence by noticing that your hand looks similar to theirs, and that you can do the same movement with it, too. But this is much trickier with parts of your body that are out of your sight. If you want to imitate someone sticking their tongue out, you first have to realise that you have a tongue, too, and how you can move it in such a way that it matches your partner’s movements.

Continue reading “Sticking the tongue out: Early imitation in infants”

Iterated learning using YouTube videos

I recently discovered that videos uploaded to YouTube are automatically transcribed (if they’re in English). As you might guess, the transcriptions are not perfect, so there will be a discrepancy between what the speaker actually said and what is transcribed. This is essentially all you need to run an iterated learning experiment (e.g. Kirby, Cornish & Smith, 2008). Iterated learning is a process of repeatedly transmitting a signal through a bottleneck. For instance, language is transmitted from adults to children, who learn its rules. These children then go on to transmit this language to their own children.

Simon Kirby and colleagues have discovered that this process leads to languages becoming both more learnable and more expressive over time. This happens by the emergence of compositionality: parts of a word become systematically linked to parts of its meaning. See some posts by Hannah and Wintz on these experiments.

But can we see the same process with non-human learners? Here’s how iterated learning with YouTube works:

Record yourself saying something.
Upload the video to YouTube
Let it be automatically transcribed (usually takes about 10 minutes for a short video)
Record yourself saying the text from the automatic transcription
Go to 2

Here’s a diagram of the procedure:

Continue reading “Iterated learning using YouTube videos”